Abduction – movement of a limb away from the midline or axis of the body 1
Accessory ligaments – a ligament that helps strengthen a union between two bones, even though it is not part of the joint capsule 1
Adduction – the movement of a limb towards the midline or axis or the body 1
Anisotropy - Artifact seen in musculoskeletal ultrasound when the ultrasound beam hits a structure at an angle other than perpendicular. Artifact causes a loss of echogenicity of a structure 2
Articular capsule – an envelope of tissue that surrounds a freely moving joint, composed of external layer of white fibrous tissue and an internal synovial membrane 1
Articular Discs – 1. a small oval plate between the condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa 2. The platelike cartilaginous end of certain bones in moveable joints, sometimes closely associated with surrounding muscle or with cartilage 3
Arthritis – any inflammatory condition of the joints, characterized by pain, swelling, heat, redness, and limitations of movement 1
Bursae - 1. a closed sac lined with a synovial membrane and filled with fluid. Is it found in areas that are subject to friction, such as where a tendon passes over a bone, 2. a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one that is countering friction at a joint 4
Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa, typically one in the knee, elbow, or shoulder 1
Calcific tendonitis – chronic inflammation of a tendon resulting from an accumulation of calcium deposits in the tissue 1
Compartment syndrome – pathological condition caused by elevation of tissue pressure within a closed compartment, resulting in the progressive development of compression and consequent reduction of the blood supply. The compression may result from swelling within an overly restrictive dressing or cast or from nonexpansive muscle fascia. Clinical manifestations include swelling, restriction of movement, brown urine, myoglobinuria, vascular compromise, and severe pain or lack of sensation. The pain may appear out of proportion to the injury. It can result in a permanent contracture deformity of the hand or foot, with or without fracture In several cases, it can lead to necrosis and necessitate the amputation or an extremity. Treatment includes elevation, removal of restrictive dressings or casts, and potentially a surgical decompression or fasciotomy 1
Entrapment – compression of a nerve or vessel by adjacent tissue 1
Enthesis – is the point at which a tendon, ligament or muscle inserts into bone, where the collagen fibers are mineralized and integrated into vone tissue 1
Extension – a straightening movement allowed by certain joints of the skeleton that increases the angle between two adjoining bones
Ex. extending the leg, which increases the posterior angle between the femur and tibia 1
Flexion – a movement that decreases the angle between two adjoining bones
Ex. bending the elbow, which decreases the angle between the humerus and the ulna 1
Impingement - a term used in sports medicine when soft tissue is trapped, usually between bones, leading to pressure, inflammation, pain and loss of function. Shoulder impingement is common in repetitive overhead sports, especially swimming, where the tendons of the 'rotator cuff' are trapped between the head of the humerus and the acromion, causing pain when moving the arm forwards and upwards: the impingement sign. Treatment aims to alter poor technique and reduce inflammation (rest, ice, anti-inflammatory drugs and steroid injections). Surgery is occasionally required. 1
Labral tear – A shoulder labral tear is an injury to the cartilage in the shoulder joint. Cartilage lines the socket of the ball and socket joint to keep the movements smooth. When the cartilage tears it is called a shoulder labral tear. 1
Pronation – 1. ventral surface of the body points downwards. 2. The rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces downwards or backwards1
Rotation – the gyration of a bone around its central axis.
Rotation is one of the four basic movements that are allowed by the joints of the body 1
Supination – 1. one of the kinds of rotation allowed by certain skeletal joints such as the elbow and wrist joints, which permit the hand to turn up. 2. Assumption of a supine position, where one lies on their back, face up 1
Synovial Fluid – a clear, viscous fluid resembling the white of an egg, that is secreted by synovial membranes and acting as a lubricant for many joints, bursae, and tendons. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts 1
Tendon Sheath - is a layer of membrane around a tendon that permits the tendon to move 5
Tendonitis – inflammation of a tendon, usually resulting from strain. Treatment may include rest, cortiosteroid injections, applcation of ice or heat, and support 1
Tenosynovitis - inflammation of a tendon sheath caused by calcium deposits, repeated strain or trauma, high levels of blood cholesterol, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or gonorrhea. In some instances, movement causes a crackling noise over the tendon. Most cases not associated with systemic disease respond to rest. Local injections of corticosteroids may provide relief, but surgery is indicated if the condition persists 1
Accessory ligaments – a ligament that helps strengthen a union between two bones, even though it is not part of the joint capsule 1
Adduction – the movement of a limb towards the midline or axis or the body 1
Anisotropy - Artifact seen in musculoskeletal ultrasound when the ultrasound beam hits a structure at an angle other than perpendicular. Artifact causes a loss of echogenicity of a structure 2
Articular capsule – an envelope of tissue that surrounds a freely moving joint, composed of external layer of white fibrous tissue and an internal synovial membrane 1
Articular Discs – 1. a small oval plate between the condyle of the mandible and the mandibular fossa 2. The platelike cartilaginous end of certain bones in moveable joints, sometimes closely associated with surrounding muscle or with cartilage 3
Arthritis – any inflammatory condition of the joints, characterized by pain, swelling, heat, redness, and limitations of movement 1
Bursae - 1. a closed sac lined with a synovial membrane and filled with fluid. Is it found in areas that are subject to friction, such as where a tendon passes over a bone, 2. a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one that is countering friction at a joint 4
Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa, typically one in the knee, elbow, or shoulder 1
Calcific tendonitis – chronic inflammation of a tendon resulting from an accumulation of calcium deposits in the tissue 1
Compartment syndrome – pathological condition caused by elevation of tissue pressure within a closed compartment, resulting in the progressive development of compression and consequent reduction of the blood supply. The compression may result from swelling within an overly restrictive dressing or cast or from nonexpansive muscle fascia. Clinical manifestations include swelling, restriction of movement, brown urine, myoglobinuria, vascular compromise, and severe pain or lack of sensation. The pain may appear out of proportion to the injury. It can result in a permanent contracture deformity of the hand or foot, with or without fracture In several cases, it can lead to necrosis and necessitate the amputation or an extremity. Treatment includes elevation, removal of restrictive dressings or casts, and potentially a surgical decompression or fasciotomy 1
Entrapment – compression of a nerve or vessel by adjacent tissue 1
Enthesis – is the point at which a tendon, ligament or muscle inserts into bone, where the collagen fibers are mineralized and integrated into vone tissue 1
Extension – a straightening movement allowed by certain joints of the skeleton that increases the angle between two adjoining bones
Ex. extending the leg, which increases the posterior angle between the femur and tibia 1
Flexion – a movement that decreases the angle between two adjoining bones
Ex. bending the elbow, which decreases the angle between the humerus and the ulna 1
Impingement - a term used in sports medicine when soft tissue is trapped, usually between bones, leading to pressure, inflammation, pain and loss of function. Shoulder impingement is common in repetitive overhead sports, especially swimming, where the tendons of the 'rotator cuff' are trapped between the head of the humerus and the acromion, causing pain when moving the arm forwards and upwards: the impingement sign. Treatment aims to alter poor technique and reduce inflammation (rest, ice, anti-inflammatory drugs and steroid injections). Surgery is occasionally required. 1
Labral tear – A shoulder labral tear is an injury to the cartilage in the shoulder joint. Cartilage lines the socket of the ball and socket joint to keep the movements smooth. When the cartilage tears it is called a shoulder labral tear. 1
Pronation – 1. ventral surface of the body points downwards. 2. The rotation of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces downwards or backwards1
Rotation – the gyration of a bone around its central axis.
Rotation is one of the four basic movements that are allowed by the joints of the body 1
Supination – 1. one of the kinds of rotation allowed by certain skeletal joints such as the elbow and wrist joints, which permit the hand to turn up. 2. Assumption of a supine position, where one lies on their back, face up 1
Synovial Fluid – a clear, viscous fluid resembling the white of an egg, that is secreted by synovial membranes and acting as a lubricant for many joints, bursae, and tendons. It contains mucin, albumin, fat, and mineral salts 1
Tendon Sheath - is a layer of membrane around a tendon that permits the tendon to move 5
Tendonitis – inflammation of a tendon, usually resulting from strain. Treatment may include rest, cortiosteroid injections, applcation of ice or heat, and support 1
Tenosynovitis - inflammation of a tendon sheath caused by calcium deposits, repeated strain or trauma, high levels of blood cholesterol, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or gonorrhea. In some instances, movement causes a crackling noise over the tendon. Most cases not associated with systemic disease respond to rest. Local injections of corticosteroids may provide relief, but surgery is indicated if the condition persists 1
References
1. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Professions: 8th Edition. (2009). Mosby Elsevier: St. Louis, Missouri.
2. Anisotropy. (n.a.)(2012). Ultrasound Connection. Retrieved from http://ultrasoundconnection.com/word-of-the-day-anisotropy/
3. Articular Disc [Def 1.].(n.d.). The Free Dictionary Online. Retrieved from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/articular+disc
4. Bursar [Def 1.]. (n.d.). The Free Dictionary. Retrieved from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bursae
5. Tendon Sheath. [Def 1.]. (n.d.). The Free Dictionary. Retrieved from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/epitendineum
1. Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Professions: 8th Edition. (2009). Mosby Elsevier: St. Louis, Missouri.
2. Anisotropy. (n.a.)(2012). Ultrasound Connection. Retrieved from http://ultrasoundconnection.com/word-of-the-day-anisotropy/
3. Articular Disc [Def 1.].(n.d.). The Free Dictionary Online. Retrieved from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/articular+disc
4. Bursar [Def 1.]. (n.d.). The Free Dictionary. Retrieved from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/bursae
5. Tendon Sheath. [Def 1.]. (n.d.). The Free Dictionary. Retrieved from http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/epitendineum